Once the need is established, engineers use specific mathematical models to place air terminals (rods) and conductors. The Rolling Sphere Method

Once protection is required, designers use standard methods to position air terminals (lightning rods).

The most robust and universally accepted method involves "rolling" an imaginary sphere over a building model. Any point the sphere touches is a potential strike point that requires protection. IEC 62305 Lightning Protection Overview | PDF - Scribd

The effective collection area of a structure (in m²) determines how many lightning strikes it attracts.

P=Ac×Ng×10-6cap P equals cap A sub c cross cap N sub g cross 10 to the negative 6 power :

(Location Factor): A multiplier based on surroundings—for example, for a hilltop building or if surrounded by taller structures. Determine Tolerable Frequency ( Nccap N sub c

Down-conductors route the lightning current from the air terminals to the earth termination system.