Savindra Singh — Geomorphology

Singh masterfully explains that the cycle is rarely completed because of . Just as the river gets "old," tectonic forces might lift the land up again. The river suddenly finds itself high above sea level, gains new energy, and the cycle restarts.

| Feature | Youth (The Rebel) | Old Age (The Sage) | | :--- | :--- | :--- | | | Vertical Downcutting | Lateral Sideways Cutting | | Valley Shape | V-Shaped, Gorges | Flat, Wide, Shallow | | Water Flow | Rapid, Waterfalls, Rapids | Slow, Meanders, Ox-bow Lakes | | Divides | Broad, Flat, Swampy | Sharp, Narrow, Low | | End Product | Relief increases | Relief decreases (Peneplain) | geomorphology savindra singh

Eventually, the river enters . The energy is gone; the landscape is tired. Singh masterfully explains that the cycle is rarely

In Singh’s analysis, the is characterized by energy and imbalance. Imagine a river that has just been born on a high plateau. | Feature | Youth (The Rebel) | Old

As the river ages, it moves into the . This is the most balanced phase of the cycle.

In high altitudes and latitudes, moving ice is a powerful erosive agent. Cirques (amphitheater-like basins), Arêtes (knife-edged ridges), and U-shaped valleys (in contrast to fluvial V-shapes) are classic erosional forms. Depositional forms include Moraines (till accumulations), Eskers (sinuous ridges of sand/gravel), and Drumlins (elongated, tear-drop shaped hills indicating ice flow direction).