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HDR is limited to dividing cells and is inefficient in most primary human cells (e.g., neurons, cardiomyocytes). New methods like prime editing (Cas9 nickase fused to reverse transcriptase) and base editing (deaminase-Cas9 fusion) bypass DSBs entirely.

This phenomenon is called the Baader-Meinhof phenomenon, also known as the frequency illusion or the availability heuristic. It's a cognitive bias that explains why we tend to notice patterns or things more frequently after we've been exposed to them. completely science

In nature, bacteria use CRISPR-Cas9 to defend against viral infection (bacteriophages). When a bacterium survives a viral attack, it integrates a short fragment of the viral DNA into its own genome at the CRISPR locus. This locus then transcribes CRISPR RNA (crRNA) that guides the Cas9 nuclease to recognize and cleave any matching viral DNA upon reinfection. HDR is limited to dividing cells and is

Because of this, the average adult human emits about 4,000 becquerels of radiation per day. You are glowing—just not in a way your eyes can see! It's a cognitive bias that explains why we

| Parameter | Value/Range | |-----------|-------------| | Size of Cas9 protein (S. pyogenes) | 1,368 amino acids (~160 kDa) | | Length of sgRNA | ~100 nucleotides | | PAM sequence (SpCas9) | 5'-NGG-3' (occurs every ~8-12 bp in human genome) | | On-target editing efficiency (cell culture) | 60–90% for NHEJ; 1–20% for HDR | | Off-target mutation rate | Varies (0.1% to >50% depending on sgRNA) | | Maximum delivery size (AAV vector) | ~4.7 kb (Cas9 alone is ~4.2 kb, limiting cargo) |

In conclusion, the Baader-Meinhof phenomenon is a fascinating example of how our brains process information and recognize patterns. It's a common experience that happens to many people, and it's all based on the science of cognitive psychology and neuroscience.

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